Value

A value can be virtually any type of data of a given type of data, such as a string, a digit, a single letter.

The numerical values ​​represent an amount of some kind: amounts of sales, number of employees, atomic weights, test results, and so on. Values ​​may also be date (as in February-26-2013) or the time (eg, 3:24 a.m.).

To Boolean or logical data, the value refers to the state of the data - whether true or false

For text data, the value refers to a word or string of entry into the spreadsheet

The value can also be used to mean a condition or parameter that must be fulfilled for certain results in a worksheet occur.

For example, to filter data, the value is the condition that the data must meet in order to remain in the data table and not filtered.

Worksheet

A spreadsheet is an object in a spreadsheet program that is mainly composed of a grid of cells arranged in rows and columns, which are held spreadsheets and information.

There are three default file sheets in 2010 or earlier versions, but in 2013 only one sheet by default, but you can create many sheet if necessary.

A file stored in a spreadsheet program may consist of many worksheets.

To make a new spreadsheet (see picture below) Go to the Home tab, in the Cell group click the icon to insert and click on the tab.

Excel Sheet view 2003

Excel Sheet view 2007 and 2010

Excel Sheet view 2013

Range

A group of cells is called a range. To designate an address range specifying the address of the top left cell and address of the bottom right cell, separated by colons.

For example see the pictures below:

Cell

A cell is a single item in a spreadsheet can contain a value, a text or formula. A cell is identified by its address, which is its column letter and row number. For example (see the picture below), cell E12 is the cell in the fifth column and the twelfth row. Cell name is appear in Name Box. Cell can be thought of as a box for storing data. Generally rows, representing the dependent variables, referred to in decimal notation from 1 whereas the columns represent the independent variables used 26-adic target numbering using the letters AZ as numbers.

In most implementations, many worksheets can be located within a single spreadsheet. A spreadsheet is simply a subset of the spreadsheet divided for the sake of clarity.

Using of format numbers shortcut keys

Another way to apply number format is the use of hotkeys. Below picture summarizes the shortcut key combinations you can use to apply common number format selected cell or range. Note that these characters Ctrl + Shift are located together, in the upper left of the keyboard.

Understanding Workbooks and Worksheets

The work you do in Excel is done in a workbook file. You can have as many open books as needed, and each appears in its own window. By default, Excel workbooks use a file extension. xlsx.

Each book contains one or more worksheets, and each worksheet is composed of individual cells. Each cell can contain a value, a formula, or text. A worksheet also has an invisible drainage layer, which has charts, pictures and diagrams. Each worksheet in a workbook can be accessed by clicking on the tab at the bottom of the workbook window. In addition, a book can store chart sheets, a sheet of graph shows a single card and can also be accessed by clicking on a tab.

Newcomers to Excel often feel intimidated by the different elements that appear within the Excel window. After you become familiar with the various parts, it all starts to make sense, and you will feel at home.

Formulas

The formulas are what make a spreadsheet a spreadsheet. Excel allows you to introduce flexible used values ​​(or text) in cells to calculate the result. When you enter a formula in a cell, the result of the formula appears in the cell. If you change any of the cells used by a formula, the formula recalculates and displays the new result.

Formulas can be simple mathematical expressions, or can use some powerful functions that are built into Excel. In Picture shows an Excel spreadsheet set up to calculate the monthly loan payment. The worksheet contains the values, text and formulas. The cells in column B contain text. Column C contains four values ​​and two formulas. The formulas are in cells C7 and 11. Column E, as a reference, shows the actual content of the cells in column C.

Function

A prewritten formula that takes a value or values, performs an operation, and returns a value or values. Use functions to simplify and shorten formulas on a worksheet, especially those that perform lengthy or complex calculations.

Spreadsheet

A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application program for organization and analysis of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets developed as computerized simulations of paper accounting worksheets. The program operates on data represented as cells of an array, organized in rows and columns. Each cell of the array is a model–view–controller element that can contain either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of other cells.

The user of the spreadsheet can make changes in any stored value and observe the effects on calculated values. This makes the spreadsheet useful for "what-if" analysis since many cases can be rapidly investigated without tedious manual recalculation. Modern spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets, and can display data either as text and numerals, or in graphical form.

In addition to the fundamental operations of arithmetic and mathematical functions, modern spreadsheets provide built-in functions for common financial and statistical operations. Such calculations as net present value or standard deviation can be applied to tabular data with a pre-programmed function in a formula. Spreadsheet programs also provide conditional expressions, functions to convert between text and numbers, and functions that operate on strings of text.

Spreadsheets have now replaced paper-based systems throughout the business world. Although they were first developed for accounting or bookkeeping tasks, they now are used extensively in any context where tabular lists are built, sorted, and shared.

Visicalc was the first electronic spreadsheet on a microcomputer, and it helped turn the Apple II computer into a popular and widely used system. Lotus 1-2-3 was the leading spreadsheet when DOS was the dominant operating system. Excel now has the largest market share on the Windows and Macintosh platforms. A spreadsheet program is a standard feature of an office productivity suite; since the advent of web apps, office suites now also exist in web app form.

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Data

For data in computer science, see Data (computing). For other uses, see Data (disambiguation).

Data (/ˈdeɪtə/ day-tə, /ˈdætə/ da-tə, or /ˈdɑːtə/ dah-tə) are values of qualitative or quantitative variables, belonging to a set of items. Data in computing (or data processing) are represented in a structure, often tabular (represented by rows and columns), a tree (a set of nodes with parent-children relationship) or a graph structure (a set of interconnected nodes). Data are typically the results of measurements and can be visualised using graphs or images. Data as an abstract concept can be viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data, i.e., unprocessed data, refers to a collection of numbers, characters and is a relative term; data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the "processed data" from one stage may be considered the "raw data" of the next. Field data refers to raw data collected in an uncontrolled in situ environment. Experimental data refers to data generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording.

The word data is the plural of datum, neuter past participle of the Latin dare, "to give", hence "something given". In discussions of problems in geometry, mathematics, engineering, and so on, the terms givens and data are used interchangeably. Such usage is the origin of data as a concept in computer science or data processing: data are numbers, words, images, etc., accepted as they stand.

Though data is also increasingly used in humanities (particularly in the growing digital humanities), it has been suggested that the highly interpretive nature of humanities might be at odds with the ethos of data as "given". Peter Checkland introduced the term capta (from the Latin capere, “to take”) to distinguish between an immense number of possible data and a sub-set of them, to which attention is oriented.^[1] Johanna Drucker has argued that since the humanities affirm knowledge production as “situated, partial, and constitutive,” using data may introduce assumptions that are counterproductive, for example that phenomena are discreet or are observer-independent.^[2] The term capta, which emphasizes the act of observation as constitutive, is offered as an alternative todata for visual representations in the humanities.

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Number

A number is a mathematical object used to count, label, and measure. In mathematics, the definition of number has been extended over the years to include such numbers as 0, negative numbers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and complex numbers.

Mathematical operations are certain procedures that take one or more numbers as input and produce a number as output. Unary operations take a single input number and produce a single output number. For example, the successor operation adds 1 to an integer, thus the successor of 4 is 5. Binary operations take two input numbers and produce a single output number. Examples of binary operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation. The study of numerical operations is called arithmetic.

A notational symbol that represents a number is called a numeral. In addition to their use in counting and measuring, numerals are often used for labels (telephone numbers), for ordering (serial numbers), and for codes (e.g., ISBNs).

In common usage, the word number can mean the abstract object, the symbol, or the word for the number. Source

Font

"Fount" redirects here. For the original meaning, see fountain.

This article is about the traditional meaning of "font". For the electronic data file, see Computer font. For other uses, see Font (disambiguation).

Font nowadays is frequently used synonymously with the term "typeface", although before the advent of digital typography and desktop publishing, "font" referred to a single size and "typeface" referred to a set of otherwise identical fonts of different sizes.

Beginning in the 1980s, with the introduction of computer fonts, a broader definition for the term "font" evolved. Different sizes of a single style separate fonts in metal type are now generated from a single computer font, because vector shapes can be scaled freely. "Bulmer", the typeface, may include the fonts "Bulmer roman", "Bulmer italic", "Bulmer bold" and "Bulmer extended", but there is no separate font for "9-point Bulmer italic" as opposed to "10-point Bulmer italic". source

Text

In literary theory, a text is any object that can be "read," whether this object is a work of literature, a street sign, an arrangement of buildings on a city block, or styles of clothing. It is a coherent set of signs that transmits some kind of informative message. This set of symbols is considered in terms of the informative message's content, rather than in terms of its physical form or the medium in which it is represented.

Within the field of literary criticism, "text" also refers to the original information content of a particular piece of writing; that is, the "text" of a work is that primal symbolic arrangement of letters as originally composed, apart from later alterations, deterioration, commentary, translations, paratext, etc. Therefore, when literary criticism is concerned with the determination of a "text," it is concerned with the distinguishing of the original information content from whatever has been added to or subtracted from that content as it appears in a given textual document (that is, a physical representation of text).

Since the history of writing predates the concept of the "text", most texts were not written with this concept in mind. Most written works fall within a narrow range of the types described by text theory. The concept of "text" becomes relevant if/when a "coherent written message is completed and needs to be referred to independently of the circumstances in which it was created."

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Italic

Italic Justification:

In typography, italic type is a cursive typeface based on a stylized form of calligraphic handwriting. Owing to the influence from calligraphy, such typefaces often slant slightly to the right. Different glyph shapes from roman type are also usually used—another influence from calligraphy. True italics are therefore distinct from oblique type, in which the font is merely distorted into a slanted orientation. However, uppercase letters are often oblique type or swash capitals rather than true italics.

This style is called "italic" for historical reasons. Calligraphic typefaces started to be designed in Italy, for chancery purposes. Ludovico Arrighi and Aldus Manutius (both between the 15th and 16th centuries) were the main type designers involved in this process at the time.

"Italics are the print equivalent of underlining" and typewriter users underlined words that would normally appear as italics in professionally printed works. source

Why use:

The most common methods in Western typography fall under the general technique of care through a change or modification of the font:

for see the example how to apply click here

How to make text or data Italic in Excel 2013

First select your text/data you need to Italic

Go to Home Tab>

In the Font group click the Italic icon look like this (for example see the picture below)

Or

Keyboard short: Hit the <Ctrl+I> or <Alt+H2 (one key at a time)> 

and you will see the all the selected text convert to normal font to Italic. (for example see the picture below)

Bold

Bold Justification:

The human eye is very receptive to differences in brightness within a body of text. Therefore, you can differentiate between types of emphasis depending on whether the emphasis changes the "darkness" of text.

By contrast, the weight makes text bold darker than the surrounding text. With this technique, the highlighted text is strongly out from the rest, so it should be used to highlight certain keywords that are relevant to the topic of the text for easy visual scanning text. For example, printed dictionaries often use boldface for their keywords, and the names of the inputs can be conventionally marked in bold.

Why use;

The most common methods in Western typography fall under the general technique of care through a change or modification of the font:

for see the example how to apply click here

How to make text or data Bold in Excel 2013

First select your text/data you need to bold

Go to Home Tab>

In the Font group click the Bold icon look like this (for example see the picture below)

Or

Keyboard short: Hit the <Ctrl+b> or <Alt+H1 (one key at a time)> 

and you will see the all the selected text convert to normal font to bold. (for example see the picture below)

Excel Versions for Apple Macintosh

·         1985 Excel 1.0

·         1988 Excel 1.5

·         1989 Excel 2.2

·         1990 Excel 3.0

·         1992 Excel 4.0

·         1993 Excel 5.0 (part of Office 4.X—Motorola 68000 version and first PowerPC version)

·         1998 Excel 8.0 (part of Office 98)

·         2000 Excel 9.0 (part of Office 2001)

·         2001 Excel 10.0 (part of Office v. X)

·         2004 Excel 11.0 (part of Office 2004)

·         2008 Excel 12.0 (part of Office 2008)

·         2011 Excel 14.0 (part of Office 2011)

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Excel Versions for Microsoft Windows

·         1987 Excel 2.0 for Windows

·         1990 Excel 3.0

·         1992 Excel 4.0

·         1993 Excel 5.0 (Office 4.2 & 4.3, also a 32-bit version for Windows NT only on the x86, PowerPC, Alpha, and MIPS architectures) This version of Excel includes a DOOM-like game as an Easter Egg.

·         1995 Excel for Windows 95 (version 7.0) included in Office 95

·         1997 Excel 97 (version 8.0) included in Office 97 (for x86 and Alpha). This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter Egg.

·         1999 Excel 2000 (version 9.0) included in Office 2000

·         2001 Excel 2002 (version 10) included in Office XP

·         2003 Office Excel 2003 (version 11) included in Office 2003

·         2007 Office Excel 2007 (version 12) included in Office 2007

·         2010 Excel 2010 (version 14) included in Office 2010

·         2013 Excel 2013 (version 15) included in Office 2013

·         Note: No MS-DOS version of Excel 1.0 for Windows ever existed: the Windows version originated at the time the Mac version was up to 2.0.

·         Note: There is no Excel 6.0, because the Windows 95 version was launched with Word 7. All the Office 95 & Office 4.X products have OLE 2 capacity — moving data automatically from various programs — and Excel 7 would show that it was contemporary with Word 7.

Note: Version number 13 was skipped due to superstition.

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About Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office.

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Microsoft Excel History

Excel 1.0, 1.5, 2.x

Microsoft originally marketed a spreadsheet program called Multiplan in 1982. Multiplan became very popular on CP/M systems, but on MS-DOS systems it lost popularity to Lotus 1-2-3. Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Macintosh on September 30, 1985, and the first Windows version was 2.05 (to synchronize with the Macintosh version 2.2) in November 1987. Lotus was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by 1988 Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped Microsoft achieve the position of leading PC software developer. This accomplishment, dethroning the king of the software world, solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future of developing GUI software. Microsoft pushed its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so.

Early in 1993 Excel became the target of a trademark lawsuit by another company already selling a software package named "Excel" in the finance industry. As the result of the dispute Microsoft had to refer to the program as "Microsoft Excel" in all of its formal press releases and legal documents. However, over time this practice has been ignored, and Microsoft cleared up the issue permanently when they purchased the trademark of the other program. Microsoft also encouraged the use of the letters XL as shorthand for the program; while this is no longer common, the program's icon on Windows (before Excel 2013) still consists of a stylized combination of the two letters, and the file extension of the default Excel format is .xls (.xlsx in newer versions).

Excel offers many user interface tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, VisiCalc: the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells.

Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell recomputation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities.

From its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0. Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option has been discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use.

Excel 5.0

With version 5.0, Excel has included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on Visual Basic which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide user-defined functions (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA is a powerful addition to the application and includes a fully featured integrated development environment (IDE). Macro recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and in‑worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of ActiveX (COM) DLL's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic object-oriented programming techniques.

The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for macro viruses. This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.

Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various Easter eggs, including a "Hall of Tortured Souls", although since version 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.

 

Excel 95

Internal rewrite to 32 bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable.

Excel 97

Major upgrade. Introduced the paper clip office assistant. Standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. Includes now removed Natural Language labels.

Excel 2000

Minor upgrade. Clipboard can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive.

Excel XP

Released about 2001. Very minor enhancements.

Excel 2003

Minor enhancements, most significant being the new Tables.

Excel 2007

This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This is different from what users are used to, but the number of mouse-clicks needed to reach a given functionality is generally fewer (e.g., removing gridlines only required two mouse-clicks instead of five). However, most business users agree that the replacement of the straightforward menu system with the more convoluted ribbon dramatically reduces productivity.

Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including .xlsm for a workbook with macros and .xlsx for a workbook without macros.

Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (2²⁰) and columns was 16,384 (2¹⁴; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid A1 reference versus a named range. Other features included an improved management of named variables through the Name Manager, and much improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which now allow (x, y) coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL add‑ins were only executed in parallel if they were thread-safe and this was indicated at registration.

Excel 2010

Minor enhancements, including the following:

·         Improved pivot tables

·         More conditional formatting options

·         Additional image editing capabilities

·         In-cell charts called sparklines

·         Ability to preview before pasting

·         Office 2010 backstage feature for document-related tasks

·         Ability to customize the Ribbon

·         Many new formulas, most highly specialized to improve accuracy

 

Excel 2013

A lot of new tools have been included in this release:

·         FlashFill

·         PowerView

·         PowerPivot

·         Timeline Slicer

·         Windows App

·         Inquire

·         50 new functions

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